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2鍏噷

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浜斻€佹椂闂村畨鎺?/p>

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鍏€佹父鐜╁皬璐村＋

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榛勯緳婧櫙鐐圭壒鑹?/h3>

榛勯緳婧櫙鐐圭壒鑹詫紵鐗硅壊鏅偣錛氬彜寤烘皯灞咃紝鍙ゆ爲(wèi)錛岄檲瀹舵按紕俱€?

榛勯緳婧櫙鐐?

1.榛勯緳婧疆闊沖

榛勯緳婧疆闊沖娼煶瀵轟綅浜庢垚閮藉競鍙屾祦鍘塊粍榫欐邯闀囷紝鍧愰晣鍙ら晣榛勯緳姝ｈ鍙よ褰撲腑錛屽彜縐頒箰鍠勫爞錛屾? ?涓€搴у凹濮戝旱銆備復(fù)琛椾簲闂達(dá)紝渚涘瑙備笘闊沖ぇ澹拰寮ュ嫆浣?jīng)銆傚彜鏃朵笂鍏冧細(xì)銆佷腑鍏冧細(xì)銆佷笅鍏冧細(xì)閮藉湪姝や婦琛屼緵澶╅亾鍦猴紝紲堢シ椋庤皟闆ㄩ『銆傚ぇ闂ㄥ寳渚э紝渚涘闄㈡姢娉曠浼借摑紲烇紝鍗椾晶渚涢緳韜紝涔熻瑙嗕負(fù)鍦熷湴鍏€佽儲紲炪€佺紲炪€傚鍐呮湁涓夊潡鐭崇錛屽垎鍒珛浜庡厜緇崄涓夊勾(1887)銆佸崄涔?jié)骞?

(1893))鍜屼簩鍗佸洓騫?1898)錛岃榪頒簡涔愬杽鍫傜殑鍒涘緩鍙戝睍鍘嗗彶銆傚叾涓紝鍏夌華浜屽崄鍥涘勾鐨勭煶紕戯紝鏄€滆皟緗茶祫宸炵洿闅跺窞浠佸鍘夸簨鈥濅繛鏌愩€佲€滆皟緗叉垚閮藉簻鍗庨槼鍘夸簨鈥濈吉鏌愩€佲€滅壒鎺堢湁宸炵洿闅跺窞褰北鍘挎鍫傗€濆悍鏌愪笁浜哄悎绔嬶紝榪欏厖鍒嗚鏄庝簡榛勯緳婧浘緇忊€滀笁鍘垮叡綆♀€濈殑鍘嗗彶銆?

2.鍙ら緳瀵?

鍙ら緳瀵烘槸榛勯緳婧彜闀囦慨寤烘渶鏃╃殑涓€搴у錛屼互鍙ゅ搴欍€佸彜鎴忓彴銆佸彜姒曟 爲(wèi)鈥滀笁鍙も€濇湁鏈虹粨鍚堬紝鑰屾垚涓哄悇瀵轟箣棣栥€?

瀵哄唴璁炬湁涓€搴р€滀笁鍘胯闂ㄢ€濓紝鍏煎叿褰撳湴姘戞斂浜嬪姟銆佸彜浣?jīng)鍫扮亴鍖哄牥鍔〗帯鐞嗗姛鑳藉Q屾槸榛勯緳婧湴澶勪笁鍘夸氦姹囩偣銆傚北娓呮按縐€錛岃繙紱誨煄甯傚枾鍤ｇ殑榛勯緳婧鍙楃數(shù)褰辯數(shù)瑙嗘憚褰辯粍鍠滅埍錛岃繖閲屾媿鎽勮繃褰辮鍓ц繎200閮紝浜湁鈥滃獎瑙嗗煄鈥濆拰鈥滀腑鍥藉ソ鑾卞潪鈥濈殑緹庤獕銆?

3.闀囨睙瀵?

闀囨睙瀵洪晣姹熷浣嶄簬鍙屾祦鍘塊粍榫欐邯闀囬粍榫欐琛楁渶鍖楃錛岃繖搴у彜鍒瑰師鏄竻鍒濈Щ姘戝叴寤虹殑闀囨睙鐜嬬埛搴欙紝鏄綋鏃惰埞甯キ紲€闆嗕細(xì)鐨勫満鎵€銆?

鎹錛屼互鍓嶅ぇ孌垮唴濉戞湁鈥滈晣姹熸潹娉楀皢鍐涒€濈鍍忋€傛潹娉楀皢鍐涖€佷害縐版潹鍥涘皢鍐涖€佹潹瀹跺洓鐖楓€佹柀榫欐潹娉楀皢鍐涳紝閬撴暀灝婂彿涓衡€滀節(jié)姘村ぉ鐏靛ぇ鍏冨竻绱簯緇熸硶鐪熷悰姘村浗闀囬緳瀹夋笂鐜嬬伒婧愰€氭祹澶╁皧鈥濄€?

榛勯緳婧彜闀囦粙緇?/h3>

榛勯緳婧彜闀囦粙緇?

榛勯緳婧彜闀囧潗钀藉湪榛勯緳婧渷綰ч鏅悕鑳滃尯涓績錛屼綅浜庢垚閮藉競鍙屾祦鍘垮鍐呫€傞晣涓婂彜鐗屽潑銆佸彜瀵哄簷銆佸彜寤虹瓚姘戝眳涓庡彜姒曟爲(wèi)銆佸彜宕栧嫻戠劧涓€浣擄紝鍙よ壊鍙ら錛屼笌鐜頒唬澶ч兘甯傚艦鎴愰矞鏄庣殑瀵規(guī)瘮銆傞檮榪戞瘺瀹舵咕錛屽洓宸? 瓚崇悆 璁粌鍩哄湴絀烘皵娓呮柊錛岀幆澧冧紭緹庯紝鏃犺鏄ョ錛屼竴媧鵑潤璋с€?/p>

鏅尯涓庡簻娌蟲紓嫻佹父瑙堣繛鍦ㄤ竴璧楓€備粠鎴愰兘甯傞儕鏈涙睙妤艱搗紼嬶紝娌垮簻娌崇粡榛勯緳婧『嫻佽€屼笅錛屽彲杈懼江宸炲幙鐨勬睙鍙ｉ晣銆備袱宀擱鍏夊鐢伙紝鏈?澶勬櫙鐐瑰彲渚涙父浜鴻璧忋€?/p>

娓稿濡傛湁鍏磋嚧錛屽彲浠庝節(jié)鐪兼ˉ闄勮繎鐨勬湜姹熸ゼ涓婅埞浣滃幓榛勯緳婧殑婕傛祦 鏃呰 銆傚湪榛勯緳婧彜闀囦綇瀹夸竴鏅氾紝絎簩澶╀箻 姹借濺 榪斿洖鏃訛紝鍙『閬撴父姣涘婀懼洓宸濊凍鐞冭緇冨熀鍦般€?/p>

榛勯緳婧彜闀? 姘戜織 鏂囧寲

榛勯緳婧殑縐嶈尪鍘嗗彶鎮(zhèn)犱箙錛岄粍榫欐邯鍘嗗彶涓婂嵆涓鴻尪鍙朵箣涔″拰鑼墮┈鍙ら亾錛?/p>

鍗楁柟涓濈桓涔嬭礬鐨勫繀緇忎箣鍦幫紝鑼舵枃鍖栧簳钑存繁鍘氥€傗€滄闃充拱鑼垛€濅箣璇磋鏄庝簡榛勯緳婧槸宸濊タ鏈€鏃╃殑鑼跺彾甯傚満涔嬩竴銆傞粍杈ｄ竵絳夐奔涔熸槸涓昏鐨勭壒浜э紝鈥滆姍钃夎眴鑺扁€濓紝鈥滅劍鐨倶瀛愨€濈瓑鏄粍榫欐邯緹庨鐗逛駭銆?/p>

榛勯緳婧笉浣嗘湁涓板瘜鐨勫彜鏂囧寲銆佹按鏂囧寲銆佷經(jīng)鏁欐枃鍖栥€佽尪鏂囧寲銆佺敓鎬佸啘鑰曟枃鍖栵紝榪樻湁澶氬Э澶氬僵鐨勬皯淇楁枃鍖栥€佸獎瑙嗘枃鍖栧拰楗鏂囧寲銆?/p>

榛勯緳婧湡涔冣€滃箍閮芥▕涔♀€濈殑浜洪棿浠欏!榛勯緳婧互瀹冧簶鍙ょ殑鎯呮€€鍜屾?zhèn)牁q滅殑鍘嗗彶鍚稿紩鐫€ 澶╀笅 娓鎬漢鐨勫埌鏉?

榛勯緳婧彜闀? 鏃呮父 鏅偣

1銆佸彜琛楀潑錛?/p>

2100澶氬勾鐨勫巻鍙插彉榪侊紝鍙ら晣鑷充粖淇濈暀瀹屾暣錛岀幇鏈夋槑娓呮椂浠ｈ鍧婁竷鏉★紝琛楅潰鍏ㄧ敱鐭蟲澘閾烘垚錛屼袱鏃佸粖鏌辨帓鍒楁湁搴忥紝琛楅潰騫沖潎瀹藉害3.44綾熾€?/p>

2銆佸彜瀵哄簷錛?/p>

鍙ら晣鍐呮湁涓夊駭瀹屽ソ瀵哄簷錛屽彜榫欏銆侀晣姹熷銆佹疆闊沖錛岄兘浣嶄簬榛勯緳婧琛楀艦鎴愪竴琛椾笁瀵哄簷錛岃涓湁搴欍€佸簷涓湁琛楃殑鏅錛岄晣澶栬繕鏈?搴уぇ瀵哄簷錛屽緩絳戝畯浼燂紝鍚稿紩浼楀娓鎬漢銆?/p>

3銆佸彜寤烘皯灞咃細(xì)

澶氫負(fù)鏄庢竻鏃舵湡鐨勫緩絳戯紝涓昏閬撶敱鐭蟲澘閾哄氨錛屼袱鏃佹槸椋炴獝緲樿鏉嗘爮寮忓悐鑴氭ゼ銆傜幇鏈夋槑娓呮皯灞?6濂楋紝涓€妤間竴搴曪紝鍌嶆按鑰岀瓚錛屼復(fù)姹熲€滃悐鑴氭ゼ鈥濅綋鐜頒簡鍙よ渶姘戝眳鈥滃共鏍忊€濇枃鍖栫壒鑹層€?/p>

4銆佸彜鏍?wèi)锛?xì)

闀囧唴鐜版湁鏍?wèi)榫?00騫翠互涓婄殑鍙ゆ鏍?鏍紝鐩樻牴閿欒妭鐨勬爲(wèi)鏍瑰拰嫻撹崼钄芥棩鐨勬爲(wèi)鐩栵紝澧炴坊浜嗗彜闀囩殑嫻撻儊鐨勫彜璨屽彜瓚ｏ紝鍙ら晣鍦ㄩ箍婧渤鐣旈晣榫欐矡鍐呰繕鏈変竴鏍褰㈤叿浼間竴鏉￠緳鐨勫崈騫村彜鏍?wèi)涔岃嚰鏍?wèi)錛屽瑙傞潪甯稿鐗癸紝榪樻湁璁稿緹庝附鐨? 浼犺 銆?/p>

5銆佸彜宕栧錛?/p>

鍦洪晣鍛ㄥ洿澶氭鍙戞帢姹変唬宀╁錛屽叾涓湁鐭蟲：銆侀櫠淇戙€侀摐鐜虹瓑澶ф壒鏂囩墿錛屾湁杈冮珮鐨勮€冨彜鐮旂┒浠峰€箋€?/p>

6銆佸彜浣?jīng)娲炲Q?/p>

灞炲競綰ф枃鐗╀繚鎶ゅ崟浣嶏紝寤虹瓚渚濆北鍌嶆按錛岄殧娌抽仴鏈涳紝棰囦負(fù)澹銆?/p>

7銆佸彜浣?jīng)鍫板Q氶噾鍗庡旱涓嬪簻娌充笂鎷︽渤絳戝牥寮曟按鐏屾簤鐨? 姘村埄宸ョ▼ 璁炬柦錛岄粍榫欐邯涓囦憨鑹敯鑷充粖鐢辨鐏屾簤錛屾伆浼間竴搴у皬鍨?閮芥睙鍫?銆?/p>

8銆佸彜鎴樺満錛?/p>

鍘嗗彶涓婂父涓哄叺瀹跺繀浜変箣鍦幫紝鑷充粖榪樻湁铚€鐜嬨€佽钁涗寒銆佸紶鐚繝銆佹潹灞曞湪姝ゅぇ鎴樼殑浼犺銆?/p>

9銆佸彜椋庢皯淇楋細(xì)

鑷充粖榛勯緳婧晣榪樹繚鐣欒澶氭皯椋庢皯淇楋紝濡傛墦鏇淬€佹斁鐢熶細(xì)銆侀緳鑸熶細(xì)銆佺儳鐏緳銆佽闊充細(xì)銆佸窛鍓у駭鍞辯瓑涔?fàn)淇椼€?/p>

10銆佷笁鍘胯闂細(xì)

鍘嗗彶涓婇粍榫欐邯灞?閲戜笁瑙?鍦板甫錛屾皯浜嬨€佺粡嫻庣籂綰楓€佸尓鎮(zhèn)ｅ洶鎵頒笁鍘?鍗庨槼銆佸江灞便€佷粊瀵?錛岄亗璁句笁鍘胯闂?浠婅仈鍚堝姙浜嬫満鏋?鍏辯姘戜簨銆佹按鏀垮強(qiáng)鍖?zhèn)ｃ€?/p>

11銆侀檲瀹舵按紕撅細(xì)

闄堝姘寸⒕璧蜂簬娓? ??湞鍢夊簡騫達(dá)紝浠ヤ竴婧箣姘寸⒕涓€鏉戣胺鐗╋紝鎷呰胺鐗╃敤鏃跺皯欏楓€傞椄璧瘋€屼綔錛岄椄璋㈣€岃惤錛屾按嫻佺█钖勮€屽姏涓嶅彲浼頒篃銆備粠楣挎邯娌沖彛娌塊敠姹熶笂娓鎬簩鍏噷鏄檲瀹跺皬宀涳紝灝忓矝鐜板瓨宸濊タ鍞竴涓€搴т笉鍐插彜紓ㄦ按紕?鈥滈檲瀹舵按紕鋸€濓紝 紕炬ˉ涔嬬晹鏈夌瓛杞?杈嗭紝鐏岀敯800浣欎憨銆傞檲瀹舵按紕炬槸涓婅搗鎴愰兘銆佷笅鑷充箰灞辨渶鏈夊悕鐨勬按紕撅紝鍏跺叴鏃哄彶鎴嚦浜?0涓栫邯70騫翠唬銆傜幇浠婏紝闄堝姘寸⒕宸茬粡褰㈡垚涓€涓按紕懼矝錛屾槸鈥滈粍榫欎簲宀涒€濅箣涓€錛屽綋杞﹁榪戞按紕懼矝鏃訛紝榪滈椈鍚卞惐鍝戝搼鐨勫彜紕懼０璧蜂簡浜轟滑鍑犲鍐滆€曟枃鍖栫殑鐢滆湝鍥炲繂;宀涗笂閬ぉ钄芥棩鐨勫鏋楋紝鏌斿拰浜嗙値鐐庣儓鏃ワ紝浣夸漢蹇樿浜嗗煄甯傜殑鍠у殻銆?/p>

12銆侀箍婧檽鏈堬細(xì)

澶滄櫄鐨勯粍榫欐邯錛岀粰浜轟竴縐嶉潤璋х殑鎰熻錛岃繖鏍風(fēng)殑瀹夐潤榪滅浜嗗ぇ閮藉競錛岃繙紱諱簡騫蟲棩閲岀殑閭ｄ簺綰風(fēng)悍鎵版壈錛屼簬鏄暣涓績?yōu)鍦ㄩ粍榫欐邯瀹夐潤浜嗕笅鏉ャ€傛湀浜湪鍙ら晣鐨勪笂鏂瑰崌璧鳳紝鍕懼嫆鍑烘暣涓彜闀囩殑杞粨銆備刊鐬板鏅氱殑鍙ら晣錛屾亶濡傞殧涓栥€?/p>

榛勯緳婧彜闀囩壒鑹插皬鍚?

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鑺濋夯緋曟槸榛勯緳婧殑涓€縐嶆皯闂村皬緋曠偣銆傛嵁鍘垮織璁拌澆錛屽彜鏃舵浘浣滀負(fù)鍦版柟鍚嶇偣榪涚尞瀹環(huán)錛岃€屼粖涔熸槸榛勯緳婧幇瀛樺敮涓€鐨勫皬鏈夊悕姘斿茍鎵歸噺鐢熶駭鐨勭壒鑹蹭駭鍝侊紝鏈変赴瀵屾繁榪滅殑鍘嗗彶鑳屾櫙鍜屾枃鍖栧唴娑碉紝鍙ｆ劅棣欑敎錛岀粏鑵葷壞杞€佽€佸皯鐨嗗疁錛屼綔涓洪粍榫欐邯鍚嶇墝浜у搧鏇捐崳鑾瘋繃澶氭濂栭」銆?/p>

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